JOURNAL OF CHILEAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Vol 65 No 1 (2020): Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society
Original Research Papers

NON-CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN SOUTHERN PART OF SALEM DISTRICT IN TAMILNADU, INDIA

PDF
  • P. Balamurugan,
  • P.S. Kumar,
  • K. Shankar ,
  • R. Nagavinothini ,
  • K. Vijayasurya
P. Balamurugan
M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering
Published March 16, 2020
Keywords
  • Groundwater Quality,
  • Health risk assessment,
  • Fluoride contamination,
  • Water quality index,
  • Irrigation indices,
  • PCA and HCA
    • ...More
    Less
How to Cite
Balamurugan, P., Kumar, P., Shankar , K., Nagavinothini , R., & Vijayasurya , K. (2020). NON-CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN SOUTHERN PART OF SALEM DISTRICT IN TAMILNADU, INDIA. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 65(1), 4697-4707. Retrieved from https://jcchems.com/index.php/JCCHEMS/article/view/1291

Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the groundwater quality for domestic, agriculture use and to describe fluoride contamination in groundwater and their impacts on human health. 67 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions. Water Quality Index (WQI), Piper diagram and Gibbs diagrams were calculated to measure the suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose. The hazards index value was calculated to estimate the noncarcinogenic risk to adult (male, female) and children suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The irrigation indices were calculated to evaluate the quality of water for irrigation purpose. Statistical methods such as principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to analyses the inter-relationship of data. Hydrochemistry of the samples shows, the major ions in the order of Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+ and Cl->SO4-  in the study area. WQI value of groundwater, 74.62% of sample locations are good and 25.38 % of sample locations need primary treatment for drinking purpose. The results of the hazards index show that 65.67% of the sample locations exceeds the tolerable limit for non-carcinogenic risk (greater than one) for children higher than the risk level for Male and female. Statistical report of PCA and HCA reveals that Ca-Na-HCO3-F has positive loading and TDS-EC has negative loading. The study results show that rock-water interaction and anthropogenic activities are the major factors that influence the quality of groundwater. The continuous intake of excess concentration fluoride causes bone diseases and teeth problems.

1291.jpg

PDF

References

  1. Abbasnia, A., Yousefi, N., Mahvi, A. H., Nabizadeh, R., Radfard, M., Yousefi, M., & Alimohammadi, M. (2019). Evaluation of groundwater quality using water quality index and its suitability for assessing water for drinking and irrigation purposes: Case study of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Iran). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(4), 988-1005.
  2. Adimalla, N., Li, P., & Venkatayogi, S. (2018). Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and integrated interpretation with water quality index studies. Environmental Processes, 5(2), 363-383.
  3. Adimalla, N., Li, P., & Qian, H. (2019a). Evaluation of groundwater contamination for fluoride and nitrate in semi-arid region of Nirmal Province, South India: a special emphasis on human health risk assessment (HHRA). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(5), 1107-1124.
  4. Adimalla, N., & Qian, H. (2019b). Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 176, 153-161.
  5. Adimalla, N. (2019c). Groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and potential health risks assessment: a case study from semi-arid region of South India. Exposure and Health, 11(2), 109-123.
  6. Ahada, C. P., & Suthar, S. (2017). Assessment of human health risk associated with high groundwater fluoride intake in southern districts of Punjab, India. Exposure and Health, 1-9.
  7. Amos, C. C., Rahman, A., & Gathenya, J. M. (2018). Economic analysis of rainwater harvesting systems comparing developing and developed countries: A case study of Australia and Kenya. Journal of cleaner production, 172, 196-207.
  8. An, D., Xi, B., Wang, Y., Xu, D., Tang, J., Dong, L., Ren, J. & Pang, C. (2016). A sustainability assessment methodology for prioritizing the technologies of groundwater contamination remediation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 4647-4656.
  9. APHA. 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th ed. American Public Association, Washington, DC, USA
  10. Bhuiyan, M.A.H., Islam, M.A., Dampare, S.B., Parvez, L., Suzuki, S., 2010. Evaluation of hazardous metal pollution in irrigation and drinking water systems in the vicinity of a coal mine area of north western Bangladesh. J. Hazard. Mater. 179, 1065–1077.
  11. BIS, 2012. Bureau of Indian standards drinking water specifications, BIS 10500:2012. New Delhi, India.
  12. Chitsazan, M., Aghazadeh, N., Mirzaee, Y., & Golestan, Y. (2019). Hydrochemical characteristics and the impact of anthropogenic activity on groundwater quality in suburban area of Urmia city, Iran. Environment, development and sustainability, 21(1), 331-351.
  13. Collin, M. L., & Melloul, A. J. (2003). Assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution to promote sustainable urban and rural development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11(7), 727-736.
  14. Deshpande, S. M., & Aher, R. K. (2019). Suitability of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in the Dheku River Basin, Maharashtra. Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences-Geology, (1).
  15. Everest, T., & Özcan, H. (2019). Applying multivariate statistics for identification of groundwater resources and qualities in NW Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 191(2), 47.
  16. Francisco, L. F. V., do Amaral Crispim, B., Spósito, J. C. V., Solórzano, J. C. J., Maran, N. H., Kummrow, F., ... & Barufatti, A. (2019). Metals and emerging contaminants in groundwater and human health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-14.
  17. Ferchichi, H., Hamouda, M. B., Farhat, B., & Mammou, A. B. (2018). Assessment of groundwater salinity using GIS and multivariate statistics in a coastal Mediterranean aquifer. International journal of environmental science and technology, 15(11), 2473-2492.
  18. Ghaderpoori, M., Paydar, M., Zarei, A., Alidadi, H., Najafpoor, A. A., Gohary, A. H., & Shams, M. (2019). Health risk assessment of fluoride in water distribution network of Mashhad, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(4), 851-862.
  19. Gibbs R.J, 1970, Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 170, 1088-1090.
  20. Golkarian, A., Naghibi, S. A., Kalantar, B., & Pradhan, B. (2018). Groundwater potential mapping using C5. 0, random forest, and multivariate adaptive regression spline models in GIS. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 190(3), 149.
  21. He, S., & Wu, J. (2019). Hydrogeochemical characteristics, groundwater quality, and health risks from hexavalent chromium and nitrate in groundwater of Huanhe Formation in Wuqi county, northwest China. Exposure and Health, 11(2), 125-137.
  22. Honarbakhsh, A., Tahmoures, M., Tashayo, B., Mousazadeh, M., Ingram, B., & Ostovari, Y. (2019). GIS-based assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purpose in northern part of Fars province, Marvdasht. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 68(3), 187-196.
  23. Ibrahim, R. G. M., Korany, E. A., Tempel, R. N., & Gomaa, M. A. (2019). Processes of water–rock interactions and their impacts upon the groundwater composition in Assiut area, Egypt: Applications of hydrogeochemical and multivariate analysis. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 149, 72-83.
  24. ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research). 2009. Nutrient requirements and recommended dietary allowances for Indians. Indians National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, p. 334.
  25. Karunanidhi, D., Aravinthasamy, P., Subramani, T., Wu, J., & Srinivasamoorthy, K. (2019). Potential health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate contamination in hard rock aquifers of Shanmuganadhi River basin, South India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 1-21.
  26. Khan, M. S., Qadir, A., Javed, A., Mahmood, K., Amjad, M. R., & Shehzad, S. (2019). Assessment of aquifer intrinsic vulnerability using GIS based Drastic model in Sialkot area, Pakistan. International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, 73-84.
  27. Li, P., He, S., He, X., & Tian, R. (2018). Seasonal hydrochemical characterization and groundwater quality delineation based on matter element extension analysis in a paper wastewater irrigation area, northwest China. Exposure and Health, 10(4), 241-258.
  28. Lentz, R. D., Carter, D. L., & Haye, S. V. (2018). Changes in groundwater quality and agriculture in forty years on the Twin Falls irrigation tract in southern Idaho. Journal of soil and water conservation, 73(2), 107-119.
  29. Masoud, A. A., El-Horiny, M. M., Atwia, M. G., Gemail, K. S., & Koike, K. (2018). Assessment of groundwater and soil quality degradation using multivariate and geostatistical analyses, Dakhla Oasis, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 142, 64-81.
  30. Merz, C., & Lischeid, G. (2019). Multivariate analysis to assess the impact of irrigation on groundwater quality. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(9), 274.
  31. Motevalli, A., Pourghasemi, H. R., Hashemi, H., & Gholami, V. (2019). Assessing the Vulnerability of Groundwater to Salinization Using GIS-Based Data-Mining Techniques in a Coastal Aquifer. In Spatial Modeling in GIS and R for Earth and Environmental Sciences (pp. 547-571).
  32. Nath, B. K., Chaliha, C., Bhuyan, B., Kalita, E., Baruah, D. C., & Bhagabati, A. K. (2018). GIS mapping-based impact assessment of groundwater contamination by arsenic and other heavy metal contaminants in the Brahmaputra River valley: A water quality assessment study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 201, 1001-1011.
  33. Nair, N. C., Srinivas, Y., Magesh, N. S., & Kaliraj, S. (2019). Assessment of groundwater potential zones in Chittar basin, Southern India using GIS based AHP technique. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 100248.
  34. Narsimha, A., & Rajitha, S. (2018). Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in fluoride enrichment in groundwater and its associated human health risk assessment in Telangana State, South India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(8), 2119-2132.
  35. Nemčić-Jurec, J., Singh, S. K., Jazbec, A., Gautam, S. K., & Kovač, I. (2019). Hydrochemical investigations of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigational purposes: two case studies of Koprivnica-Križevci County (Croatia) and district Allahabad (India). Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5(2), 467-490.
  36. Pinto, M. M. C., Ordens, C. M., de Melo, M. T. C., Inácio, M., Almeida, A., Pinto, E., & da Silva, E. A. F. (2019). An Inter-disciplinary Approach to Evaluate Human Health Risks Due to Long-Term Exposure to Contaminated Groundwater Near a Chemical Complex. Exposure and Health, 1-16.
  37. Patra, S., Mishra, P., & Mahapatra, S. C. (2018). Delineation of groundwater potential zone for sustainable development: A case study from Ganga Alluvial Plain covering Hooghly district of India using remote sensing, geographic information system and analytic hierarchy process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 2485-2502
  38. Qasemi, M., Afsharnia, M., Zarei, A., Farhang, M., & Allahdadi, M. (2019). Non-carcinogenic risk assessment to human health due to intake of fluoride in the groundwater in rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, Iran: a case study. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(5), 1222-1233.
  39. Radfard, M., Yunesian, M., Nabizadeh, R., Biglari, H., Nazmara, S., Hadi, M., ... & Mahvi, A. H. (2019). Drinking water quality and arsenic health risk assessment in Sistan and Baluchestan, Southeastern Province, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(4), 949-965.
  40. Rao, K. N., & Latha, P. S. (2019). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index with a special focus on vulnerable tribal region of Eastern Ghats hard rock terrain, Southern India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12(8), 267.
  41. Ravindra, K., & Mor, S. (2019). Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and selected heavy metals in Groundwater of Chandigarh, India. Environmental Pollution, 250, 820-830.
  42. Rotiroti, M., Zanotti, C., Fumagalli, L., Taviani, S., Stefania, G. A., Patelli, M., ... & Leoni, B. (2019). Multivariate statistical analysis supporting the hydrochemical characterization of groundwater and surface water: a case study in northern Italy. Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital, 47, 90-96.
  43. Sahoo, P. K., Dall’Agnol, R., Salomão, G. N., Junior, J. D. S. F., da Silva, M. S., Martins, G. C., ... & da Costa, M. F. (2019). Source and background threshold values of potentially toxic elements in soils by multivariate statistics and GIS-based mapping: a high density sampling survey in the Parauapebas basin, Brazilian Amazon. Environmental geochemistry and health, 1-28.
  44. Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Khalid, S., Rabbani, F., Farooq, A. B. U., Amjad, M., ... & Niazi, N. K. (2019). Foliar uptake of arsenic nanoparticles by spinach: an assessment of physiological and human health risk implications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20121-20131.
  45. Siirila, E. R., Navarre-Sitchler, A. K., Maxwell, R. M., & McCray, J. E. (2012). A quantitative methodology to assess the risks to human health from CO2 leakage into groundwater. Advances in Water Resources, 36, 146-164.
  46. Stefania, G. A., Rotiroti, M., Buerge, I. J., Zanotti, C., Nava, V., Leoni, B., ... & Bonomi, T. (2019). Identification of groundwater pollution sources in a landfill site using artificial sweeteners, multivariate analysis and transport modeling. Waste Management, 95, 116-128.
  47. Szabolcs I, Darab C (1964) The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content on soils. In: Szabolics I (ed) Proceedings of the 8th international congress soil science sodics soils, Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ISSS Trans II, pp 802–812
  48. Tabassum, R. A., Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Niazi, N. K., Khalid, S., Shah, N. S., ... & Khalid, S. (2019). Health risk assessment of drinking arsenic-containing groundwater in Hasilpur, Pakistan: effect of sampling area, depth, and source. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20018-20029.
  49. U.S. EPA. 2006. USEPA Region III Risk-based Concentration Table: Technical Background Information. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC U.S. EPA. 2014. Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance: Update of Standard Default Exposure Factors-OSWER Directive 9200.1-120. PP.6
  50. Wongsasuluk, P., Chotpantarat, S., Siriwong, W., & Robson, M. (2014). Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. Environmental geochemistry and health, 36(1), 169-182.
  51. Wu, J., Li, P., Wang, D., Ren, X., & Wei, M. (2019). Statistical and multivariate statistical techniques to trace the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution in a rapidly growing city on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 1-19.
  52. WHO. 2013. World Health Statistics. World Health Organization, Geneva
  53. Yadav, K. K., Kumar, V., Gupta, N., Kumar, S., Rezania, S., & Singh, N. (2019). Human health risk assessment: study of a population exposed to fluoride through groundwater of Agra city, India. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 106, 68-80.
  54. Zakir, H. M., Akter, A., Rahman, A., Sharmin, S., & Arafat, M. Y. (2018). Groundwater quality evaluation for irrigation and drinking utilities collected from Sadar Upazila of Jamalpur District, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research, 1-13.
  55. Zhang, Y., Li, S., Fang, Q., Duan, Y., Ou, P., Wang, L., & Chen, Z. (2019a). Implementation of long-term assessment of human health risk for metal contaminated groundwater: A coupled chemical mass balance and hydrodynamics model. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 180, 95-105.
  56. Zhang, Y., Xu, B., Guo, Z., Han, J., Li, H., Jin, L., ... & Xiong, Y. (2019b). Human health risk assessment of groundwater arsenic contamination in Jinghui irrigation district, China. Journal of environmental management, 237, 163-169.

Copyright @2019 | Designed by: Open Journal Systems Chile Logo Open Journal Systems Chile Support OJS, training, DOI, Indexing, Hosting OJS

Code under GNU license: OJS PKP